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In this study, basic techniques which are used in botanical illustration are examined. Undoubtedly the most basic and accessible technique for the illustration artists is pencil and ink. Artists who have been drawing for years have used this technique with the decorations on the books and although technological developments present us unlimited opportunities today, basic illustration techniques; pencil, ink and watercolour technique has kept its place. It is necessary for this basic illustration technique to contain main features such as line, tone, colour, texture, shape, size. Just as all the artists who are dealing with illustration, artists-scientists who are dealing with botanic have also benefited from these techniques. as a result, no matter if it serves for art or for science, these techniques have always had an important place in creation of visual data for the development of humanity.
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A plant is a complex of integrated systems (leaves, leaf groups, stems, roots, inflorescences), coexisting side by side or superimposed on each other to produce the life form (or physiognomy) of the individual. The classic Raunkiaer classification based fundamentally on one character (apex position) is insufficient for the purpose of a functional classification. the plant silhouette or general shaperesulting from a combination of other systems, with 11 categories proposed. the leaf group, with 14 categories. the stem, with 27 categories. the root, with 5 categories and the inflorescence, with 3 categories. Each plant can be named according to the category or model of each of the five different systems that they most resemble, or by using only the name(s) of systems which are more conspicuous than others. Characters are selected primarily for their influence on form and secondarily on size. This scheme allows for detailed studies of a flora in terms of morphological characteristics (alone or in systems), expressed as frequency of occurrence of each character in the flora. Characters can be analysed separately. as a combination of characters (e.g. leaf groups) or as a combination of systems (e.g. rosettes without stems). Thus correlations between environmental variables and plants can be made with more precision than in previous classification schemes. The classification also serves as the framework for including additional morphological data and incorporating new models.
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Cebu Normal University
Kingdom plantae serves a variety of functions in the natural world, including recycling of nutrients, in the food chain, and provides oxygen to other organisms. On top of that, most of the world’s ecosystems have plant diversity. In tropical countries like the Philippines, this diversity is higher compared to other regions. It’s often not easy to find the name of a particular plant by just looking in a reference book, viewing photographs or reading a description. But when you see the actual specimen and use a magnifying glass or microscope to check the plant’s size or observe its characteristics you will then be able to make an identification. Humans have different faces and other physically distinguishing characteristics. Plants of the same species also differ in characteristics depending on the habitat and the individual plant. By looking at archived specimens in a herbarium, we can see the morphological variances without having to visit the habitat where the plant was collected. If a plant specimen is correctly collected and stored, a DNA sample can be extracted and analyzed to determine the plant’s genealogy and derivation. All specimens made properly by anyone for any purpose have an academic value.
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The morphological description of plants has been fundamental in the history of botany and provided the keys for taxonomy. Nevertheless, in biology, a discipline governed by the interest in function and based on reductionist approaches, the analysis of forms has been relegated to second place. Plants contain organs and structures that resemble geometrical forms. Plant ontogeny may be seen as a sequence of growth processes including periods of continuous growth with modification that stop at crucial points often represented by structures of remarkable similarity to geometrical figures. Instead of the tradition in developmental studies giving more importance to animal models, we propose that the modular type of plant development may serve to remark conceptual aspects in that may be useful in studies with animals and contribute to original views of evolution.
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